We are in the midst of an information revolution as profound as the one sparked by Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press in 1439, which fundamentally transformed societies over the ensuing centuries. Gutenberg’s technology revolutionised the way knowledge was disseminated and shared, yet those living through its early days had no sense of the seismic shifts that were to come. In the long view, it’s clear that the printing press did far more than enable mass communication. It became the catalyst for the Reformation, challenging the Catholic Church’s centralised authority and changing the religious landscape of Europe. By democratizing access to books and knowledge, it fueled literacy and enabled the spread of ideas that would shape modern science, ushering in an era of inquiry and skepticism that paved the way for the Scientific Revolution.

The printing press also gave rise to new professions, industries, and economic structures, creating everything from publishing houses to bookstores, from scholarly journals to newspaper enterprises. These developments redefined the meaning of work and the value of intellectual labor, reshaping the economy to accommodate these new fields. In altering the way people engaged with information, printing also subtly changed the cognitive landscape; for instance, it standardised written language, which facilitated learning and education on a mass scale and influenced neurological development in readers over generations.

One of the most unexpected effects was how the printing press recalibrated social institutions, including our conceptions of childhood and education. Before mass-printed books, childhood as a distinct phase requiring structured education wasn’t widely recognised. The availability of printed books for young readers helped establish schooling as a formal institution, gradually embedding the notion of childhood as a time dedicated to learning and development. Today’s digital revolution is similarly transforming our society in ways that are difficult to fully understand in real-time. The internet, social media, and the proliferation of digital devices are fundamentally reshaping how we communicate, learn, and even think, just as the printing press once did.

We may look back and realise that the digital age spurred societal transformations as wide-ranging as those triggered by Gutenberg’s invention. Like the printing press, digital technologies could upend long-standing institutions, create new industries, reshape human cognition, and alter the structure of our social lives. We can already see hints of this change, from the redefinition of work in the digital economy to the rise of new media and entertainment industries, but much of the impact remains elusive, visible only with the clarity of hindsight. As with the printing revolution, we are living through changes that will reshape the future in ways we can only begin to imagine.